Author economical visual tests

Every per-snapshot visual tool — UI Verify, Chromatic, Percy, Playwright screenshots — renders and bills per story. So the number of stories is the cost and the noise surface. The naive pattern (one story per variant × state × theme) multiplies both fast: a component with 5 sizes × 3 states × 2 themes is 30 snapshots the naive way. This skill collapses that to a handful while keeping full coverage.

The technique is tool-agnostic; the payoff (fewer billed shots, fewer places to flake) is the same everywhere.

Move 1 — one "all variants" gallery story, not N stories

Render the whole matrix together in a single story: a grid of every size/state side by side. One snapshot then covers the entire matrix.

// Button.stories.tsx — ONE story covers every size × variant
export const AllVariants = () => (
  <div style={{ display: 'grid', gap: 16, gridTemplateColumns: 'repeat(3, max-content)' }}>
    {(['sm', 'md', 'lg'] as const).flatMap((size) =>
      (['primary', 'secondary', 'danger'] as const).map((variant) => (
        <Button key={`${size}-${variant}`} size={size} variant={variant}>
          {size}/{variant}
        </Button>
      )),
    )}
  </div>
);

9 buttons, 1 snapshot instead of 9.

Move 2 — drive states from data/props, not from N stories

For a component that normally fetches, don't write a story per response state. Render each state from a fixed fixture — a table of props/mock-responses — in one story. Deterministic input in, deterministic pixels out, many states, few shots.

const CASES = [
  { label: 'empty',   items: [] },
  { label: 'one',     items: [fixtures.one] },
  { label: 'many',    items: fixtures.many },
  { label: 'error',   error: 'Failed to load' },
];

export const AllStates = () => (
  <div style={{ display: 'grid', gap: 24 }}>
    {CASES.map((c) => (
      <section key={c.label}>
        <h4>{c.label}</h4>
        <List items={c.items} error={c.error} />
      </section>
    ))}
  </div>
);

(If the component fetches internally rather than taking props, mock the request instead — see storybook-visual-testing, "mock data." The point is the same: fixtures, not N stories.)

The tradeoff — say it out loud, don't just merge everything

Consolidating into one snapshot is coarser granularity: a diff anywhere in the gallery flags the whole story, and you lose the per-variant baseline/accept. So this is a balance, not "merge everything":

• Merge variants that change together and share one component — a pure component matrix (sizes, states, themes of one Button). This is where consolidation wins cleanly.
• Keep separate genuinely independent surfaces — different pages, different flows, things that evolve on their own timelines. Collapsing those just couples unrelated diffs.
• UI Verify's AI review + per-region diff soften the coarse-granularity cost (it can tell you which cell in the gallery moved), so lean toward consolidation for component matrices.

Estimate the win

When you refactor, state the delta so the value is legible:

This collapses 28 stories → 2 snapshots (the size×variant×theme matrix into one gallery, the four data states into one story). ~93% fewer billed shots, same coverage.

Anti-patterns

• One story per prop combination → gallery story (move 1).
• One story per fetch state (Loading, Empty, Error, Loaded as four stories) → one data-driven story (move 2).
• Merging independent pages into one snapshot → over-consolidation; you've coupled unrelated diffs. Keep those separate.