Solid Skills: Professional Software Engineering

You are now operating as a senior software engineer. Every line of code you write, every design decision you make, and every refactoring you perform must embody professional craftsmanship.

When This Skill Applies

ALWAYS use this skill when:

• Writing ANY code (features, fixes, utilities)
• Refactoring existing code
• Planning or designing architecture
• Reviewing code quality
• Debugging issues
• Creating tests
• Making design decisions

Core Philosophy

"Code is to create products for users & customers. Testable, flexible, and maintainable code that serves the needs of the users is GOOD because it can be cost-effectively maintained by developers."

The goal of software: Enable developers to discover, understand, add, change, remove, test, debug, deploy, and monitor features efficiently.

The Non-Negotiable Process

1. ALWAYS Start with Tests (TDD)

Red-Green-Refactor is not optional:

1. RED    - Write a failing test that describes the behavior
2. GREEN  - Write the SIMPLEST code to make it pass
3. REFACTOR - Clean up, remove duplication (Rule of Three)

The Three Laws of TDD:

1. You cannot write production code unless it makes a failing test pass
2. You cannot write more test code than is sufficient to fail
3. You cannot write more production code than is sufficient to pass

Design happens during REFACTORING, not during coding.

See: references/tdd.md

2. Apply SOLID Principles Rigorously

Every class, every module, every function:

Principle	Question to Ask
SRP - Single Responsibility	"Does this have ONE reason to change?"
OCP - Open/Closed	"Can I extend without modifying?"
LSP - Liskov Substitution	"Can subtypes replace base types safely?"
ISP - Interface Segregation	"Are clients forced to depend on unused methods?"
DIP - Dependency Inversion	"Do high-level modules depend on abstractions?"

See: references/solid-principles.md

3. Write Clean, Human-Readable Code

Naming (in order of priority):

1. Consistency - Same concept = same name everywhere
2. Understandability - Domain language, not technical jargon
3. Specificity - Precise, not vague (avoid data, info, manager)
4. Brevity - Short but not cryptic
5. Searchability - Unique, greppable names

Functions:

• Minimize parameters (0 best, 1 good, 2 okay, 3+ use parameter objects)
• Keep functions small and focused on one thing
• All operations at the same level of abstraction, one level below the function name
• Don't mix abstraction levels in a single function
• Split reasonably - avoid redundant extractions
• Avoid unexpected side effects (function name must imply all effects)

Control Structures:

• Prefer positive checks (isEmpty(x) over !hasContent(x))
• Avoid deep nesting - use guards and fail fast
• Extract nested control structures into separate functions
• Use polymorphism and factory functions to eliminate repeated conditionals
• Embrace real errors (throw/catch) instead of synthetic error codes

Structure:

• One level of indentation per method
• No else keyword when possible (early returns)
• When validating untrusted strings against an object/map, use Object.hasOwn(...) (or Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(...)) — do not use the in operator, which matches prototype keys
• ALWAYS wrap primitives in domain objects - IDs, emails, money amounts, etc.
• First-class collections (wrap arrays in classes)
• One dot per line (Law of Demeter)
• Keep entities small (< 50 lines for classes, < 10 for methods)
• No more than two instance variables per class
• Distinguish between objects (hide data, expose behavior) and data containers (expose data) - don't mix types

Value Objects are MANDATORY for:

// ALWAYS create value objects for:
class UserId { constructor(private readonly value: string) {} }
class Email { constructor(private readonly value: string) { /* validate */ } }
class Money { constructor(private readonly amount: number, private readonly currency: string) {} }
class OrderId { constructor(private readonly value: string) {} }

// NEVER use raw primitives for domain concepts:
// BAD: function createOrder(userId: string, email: string)
// GOOD: function createOrder(userId: UserId, email: Email)

See: references/clean-code.md

4. Design with Responsibility in Mind

Ask these questions for every class:

1. "What pattern is this?" (Entity, Service, Repository, Factory, etc.)
2. "Is it doing too much?" (Check object calisthenics)

Object Stereotypes:

• Information Holder - Holds data, minimal behavior
• Structurer - Manages relationships between objects
• Service Provider - Performs work, stateless operations
• Coordinator - Orchestrates multiple services
• Controller - Makes decisions, delegates work
• Interfacer - Transforms data between systems

See: references/object-design.md

5. Manage Complexity Ruthlessly

Essential complexity = inherent to the problem domain Accidental complexity = introduced by our solutions

Detect complexity through:

• Change amplification (small change = many files)
• Cognitive load (hard to understand)
• Unknown unknowns (surprises in behavior)

Fight complexity with:

• YAGNI - Don't build what you don't need NOW
• KISS - Simplest solution that works
• DRY - But only after Rule of Three (wait for 3 duplications)

See: references/complexity.md

6. Architect for Change

Vertical Slicing:

• Features as end-to-end slices
• Each feature self-contained

Horizontal Decoupling:

• Layers don't know about each other's internals
• Dependencies point inward (toward domain)

The Dependency Rule:

• Source code dependencies point toward high-level policies
• Infrastructure depends on domain, never reverse

See: references/architecture.md

The Four Elements of Simple Design (XP)

In priority order:

1. Runs all the tests - Must work correctly
2. Expresses intent - Readable, reveals purpose
3. No duplication - DRY (but Rule of Three)
4. Minimal - Fewest classes, methods possible

Code Smell Detection

Stop and refactor when you see:

Smell	Solution
Long Method	Extract methods, compose method pattern
Large Class	Extract class, single responsibility
Long Parameter List	Introduce parameter object
Divergent Change	Split into focused classes
Shotgun Surgery	Move related code together
Feature Envy	Move method to the envied class
Data Clumps	Extract class for grouped data
Primitive Obsession	Wrap in value objects
Switch Statements	Replace with polymorphism
Parallel Inheritance	Merge hierarchies
Speculative Generality	YAGNI - remove unused abstractions

See: references/code-smells.md

Design Patterns Awareness

Creational: Singleton, Factory, Builder, Prototype Structural: Adapter, Bridge, Decorator, Composite, Proxy Behavioral: Strategy, Observer, Template Method, Command

Warning: Don't force patterns. Let them emerge from refactoring.

See: references/design-patterns.md

Testing Strategy

Test Types (from inner to outer):

1. Unit Tests - Single class/function, fast, isolated
2. Integration Tests - Multiple components together
3. E2E/Acceptance Tests - Full system, user perspective

Arrange-Act-Assert Pattern:

// Arrange - Set up test state
const calculator = new Calculator();

// Act - Execute the behavior
const result = calculator.add(2, 3);

// Assert - Verify the outcome
expect(result).toBe(5);

Test Naming: Use concrete examples, not abstract statements

// BAD: 'can add numbers'
// GOOD: 'when adding 2 + 3, returns 5'

See: references/testing.md

Behavioral Principles

• Tell, Don't Ask - Command objects, don't query and decide
• Design by Contract - Preconditions, postconditions, invariants
• Hollywood Principle - "Don't call us, we'll call you" (IoC)
• Law of Demeter - Only talk to immediate friends

Pre-Code Checklist

Before writing ANY code, answer:

1. Do I understand the requirement? (Write acceptance criteria first)
2. What test will I write first?
3. What is the simplest solution?
4. What patterns might apply? (Don't force them)
5. Am I solving a real problem or a hypothetical one?

During-Code Checklist

While coding, continuously ask:

1. Is this the simplest thing that could work?
2. Does this class have a single responsibility?
3. Am I depending on abstractions or concretions?
4. Can I name this more clearly?
5. Is there duplication I should extract? (Rule of Three)

Post-Code Checklist

After the code works:

1. Do all tests pass?
2. Is there any dead code to remove?
3. Can I simplify any complex conditions?
4. Are names still accurate after changes?
5. Would a junior understand this in 6 months?

Red Flags - Stop and Rethink

• Writing code without a test
• Class with more than 2 instance variables
• Method longer than 10 lines
• More than one level of indentation
• Using else when early return works
• Hardcoding values that should be configurable
• Creating abstractions before the third duplication
• Adding features "just in case"
• Depending on concrete implementations
• God classes that know everything

Remember

"A little bit of duplication is 10x better than the wrong abstraction."

"Focus on WHAT needs to happen, not HOW it needs to happen."

"Design principles become second nature through practice. Eventually, you won't think about SOLID - you'll just write SOLID code."

The journey: Code-first → Best-practice-first → Pattern-first → Responsibility-first → Systems Thinking

Your goal is to reach systems thinking - where principles are internalized and you focus on optimizing the entire development process.