tmux Terminal Multiplexer Skill

This skill provides guidance for working with tmux, a terminal multiplexer that enables multiple terminal sessions, windows, and panes within a single terminal window.

When to Use This Skill

Use this skill when:

• Creating or managing tmux sessions, windows, or panes
• Configuring tmux keybindings or settings in ~/.tmux.conf
• Building workflows that leverage tmux for multi-file review or parallel tasks
• Troubleshooting tmux configuration issues
• Setting up custom tmux-based tools or functions

User's tmux Configuration

The user has a custom tmux configuration at ~/.tmux.conf with ergonomic keybindings optimized for file review workflows.

Custom Keybindings

Easy Window Navigation:

• Option+] or Ctrl+Shift+] - Next window
• Option+[ or Ctrl+Shift+[ - Previous window
• Option+{ - Move current window left
• Option+} - Move current window right

Direct Window Jumping:

• Option+0 through Option+9 - Jump directly to window 0-9

Pane Switching:

• Option+Left/Right/Up/Down - Navigate between panes

Synchronization:

• Ctrl-b e - Toggle pane synchronization (send commands to all panes)

Standard tmux Keys (still available):

• Ctrl-b n - Next window
• Ctrl-b p - Previous window
• Ctrl-b w - List all windows (visual selector)
• Ctrl-b d - Detach from session
• Ctrl-b c - Create new window
• Ctrl-b , - Rename current window
• Ctrl-b & - Kill current window
• Ctrl-b x - Kill current pane
• Ctrl-b " - Split pane horizontally
• Ctrl-b % - Split pane vertically

Configuration Features

The user's ~/.tmux.conf includes:

# Mouse support enabled for scrolling and pane selection
set -g mouse on

# Pane border status showing index and running command
set -g pane-border-status top
set -g pane-border-format " #{pane_index} #{pane_current_command} "

Custom tmux Workflows

tmux-review Function

The user has a custom tmux-review shell function in ~/.zsh/claude-managed.zshrc for reviewing multiple files with glow markdown rendering.

Usage:

tmux-review file1.md file2.sh file3.txt [... more files]

Features:

• Opens each file in a separate tmux window using glow for rendering
• Creates a helper window (window 0) with navigation instructions
• Generates unique session names with timestamps: review-$(date +%s)
• Validates all files exist before starting
• Helper text dynamically generated at /tmp/tmux-review-helper.md
• Window names use truncated filenames (max 20 chars)

Example:

# Review S3 bucket analysis files
tmux-review compliant-buckets.md non-compliant-buckets.md remediation.sh jira-update.md

This creates a tmux session with:

• Window 0: Helper text with navigation instructions
• Window 1: compliant-buckets.md (rendered with glow)
• Window 2: non-compliant-buckets.md (rendered with glow)
• Window 3: remediation.sh (rendered with glow)
• Window 4: jira-update.md (rendered with glow)

Navigate between files using Option+] / Option+[ or Ctrl+Shift+] / Ctrl+Shift+[.

Common tmux Operations

Session Management

Create new session:

# Basic session
tmux new-session -s session-name

# Detached session (create without attaching)
tmux new-session -s session-name -d

# Named session with initial window name
tmux new-session -s session-name -n window-name

List sessions:

tmux list-sessions
# or
tmux ls

Attach to session:

tmux attach-session -t session-name
# or short form
tmux attach -t session-name
# or even shorter
tmux a -t session-name

Detach from session:

• Press Ctrl-b d inside tmux
• Session keeps running in background

Kill session:

tmux kill-session -t session-name

Window Management

Create new window:

# Create window with name
tmux new-window -t session-name:window-number -n window-name

# Create window and run command
tmux new-window -t session-name:1 -n "logs" "tail -f /var/log/app.log"

Send commands to window:

# Send command and execute (C-m = Enter)
tmux send-keys -t session-name:window-number "command" C-m

# Example: Open file with glow in window 1
tmux send-keys -t myreview:1 "glow README.md" C-m

Select window:

tmux select-window -t session-name:window-number

List windows:

tmux list-windows -t session-name

Swap windows:

# Swap current window with next
tmux swap-window -t +1

# Swap current window with previous
tmux swap-window -t -1

Pane Management

Split pane horizontally:

• Ctrl-b " (creates pane below)

Split pane vertically:

• Ctrl-b % (creates pane to the right)

Navigate panes:

• Use Option+Arrow keys (user's custom config)
• Or Ctrl-b followed by arrow keys

Resize panes:

# From command mode (Ctrl-b :)
resize-pane -D 5  # Down by 5 lines
resize-pane -U 5  # Up by 5 lines
resize-pane -L 5  # Left by 5 columns
resize-pane -R 5  # Right by 5 columns

Synchronize panes:

• Press Ctrl-b e to toggle (user's custom binding)
• All panes receive the same input when synchronized
• Useful for running commands on multiple servers

Kill pane:

• Ctrl-b x then confirm with y

Configuration Management

Reload Configuration

After editing ~/.tmux.conf, reload it without restarting tmux:

From shell:

tmux source-file ~/.tmux.conf

From within tmux: Press Ctrl-b : then type:

source-file ~/.tmux.conf

Adding New Keybindings

Keybinding syntax in ~/.tmux.conf:

# Prefix-based binding (requires Ctrl-b first)
bind key-name command

# No-prefix binding (direct keypress)
bind -n key-name command

# Example prefix binding: Ctrl-b r to reload config
bind r source-file ~/.tmux.conf \; display "Config reloaded!"

# Example no-prefix: Option+h to split horizontally
bind -n M-h split-window -h

Key notation:

• M- prefix = Option/Alt key (e.g., M-[ = Option+[)
• C- prefix = Control key (e.g., C-b = Ctrl+b)
• S- prefix = Shift key (e.g., C-S-[ = Ctrl+Shift+[)
• Special keys: Left, Right, Up, Down, Enter, etc.
• Brackets need quoting: bind -n "C-S-[" previous-window

Common binding patterns:

# Window navigation
bind -n M-] next-window
bind -n M-[ previous-window

# Pane navigation
bind -n M-Left select-pane -L
bind -n M-Right select-pane -R

# Window jumping
bind -n M-1 select-window -t 1
bind -n M-2 select-window -t 2

# Toggle feature
bind e setw synchronize-panes

Common Configuration Options

# Enable mouse support (scroll, select panes, resize)
set -g mouse on

# Set default shell
set -g default-shell /bin/zsh

# Set scrollback buffer size
set -g history-limit 10000

# Start window numbering at 1 instead of 0
set -g base-index 1

# Start pane numbering at 1 instead of 0
setw -g pane-base-index 1

# Renumber windows when one is closed
set -g renumber-windows on

# Set status bar position
set -g status-position top  # or bottom

# Status bar styling
set -g status-bg black
set -g status-fg white
set -g status-left '[#S] '
set -g status-right '%H:%M %d-%b-%y'

# Pane border styling
set -g pane-border-status top
set -g pane-border-format " #{pane_index} #{pane_current_command} "
set -g pane-border-style fg=colour240
set -g pane-active-border-style fg=colour33

Creating tmux-Based Workflows

When building custom tmux workflows (like tmux-review), follow this pattern:

1. Create session with descriptive name:

tmux new-session -s "workflow-name" -d

2. Create windows for each task:

tmux new-window -t workflow-name:1 -n "window-name"

3. Send commands to windows:

tmux send-keys -t workflow-name:1 "command" C-m

4. Select starting window:

tmux select-window -t workflow-name:0

5. Attach to session:

tmux attach-session -t workflow-name

Complete example workflow:

# Create a code review session
review_code() {
  local session="code-review-$(date +%s)"

  # Create session with helper window
  tmux new-session -s "$session" -d -n "helper"
  tmux send-keys -t "$session:0" "cat review-checklist.md" C-m

  # Window 1: Main code
  tmux new-window -t "$session:1" -n "main"
  tmux send-keys -t "$session:1" "vim src/main.py" C-m

  # Window 2: Tests
  tmux new-window -t "$session:2" -n "tests"
  tmux send-keys -t "$session:2" "vim tests/test_main.py" C-m

  # Window 3: Run tests
  tmux new-window -t "$session:3" -n "pytest"
  tmux send-keys -t "$session:3" "pytest -v" C-m

  # Start at helper window
  tmux select-window -t "$session:0"
  tmux attach-session -t "$session"
}

Troubleshooting

Syntax Errors in Configuration

Common issues:

Escaped semicolons: Use space before \; in command chains

# Correct
bind r source-file ~/.tmux.conf \; display "Reloaded"

# Incorrect
bind r source-file ~/.tmux.conf\; display "Reloaded"

Special characters in keybindings: Quote brackets and special chars

# Correct
bind -n "C-S-[" previous-window

# May fail
bind -n C-S-[ previous-window

Invalid key names: Check tmux version compatibility

tmux -V  # Check version

Session Not Found

If tmux attach fails:

# List all sessions to find correct name
tmux ls

# Create new session if none exists
tmux new-session -s session-name

Configuration Not Loading

Verify configuration file exists:

ls -la ~/.tmux.conf

Check for syntax errors:

# This will show syntax errors if any exist
tmux source-file ~/.tmux.conf

View current tmux configuration:

# Show all current settings
tmux show-options -g

# Show all current keybindings
tmux list-keys

Keybindings Not Working

Check if keybinding conflicts with terminal emulator:

• Some terminals intercept Ctrl+Shift+[ before tmux sees it
• Test with Option+[ alternative
• Use tmux list-keys to verify bindings are registered

Check if you're in a nested tmux session:

# From inside tmux
echo $TMUX
# If this shows a value, you're in tmux

Self-Test

To verify this skill is working correctly:

1. Check tmux installation and version:

   tmux -V
   

   Expected: tmux 3.5a or similar

2. Verify user's configuration exists:

   cat ~/.tmux.conf
   

   Expected: Should show custom keybindings

3. Test the tmux-review function exists:

   type tmux-review
   

   Expected: Should show function definition

4. Create and test a session:

   tmux new-session -s test -d
   tmux ls | grep test
   tmux kill-session -t test
   

   Expected: Session appears in list, then is removed

All commands should execute without errors.