The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119.

C# Projects Workflow

Tool Grid

Task	Tool	Command
Lint	Roslynator	dotnet roslynator analyze
Format	dotnet format	dotnet format
Build	dotnet	dotnet build
Test	dotnet	dotnet test
Publish	dotnet	dotnet publish
Watch	dotnet	dotnet watch run
NuGet restore	dotnet	dotnet restore
Add package	dotnet	dotnet add package <name>

---

C# 12+ Features

Primary Constructors

SHOULD use primary constructors for dependency injection and simple initialization:

public class UserService(IUserRepository repository, ILogger<UserService> logger)
{
    public async Task<User?> GetByIdAsync(int id) => await repository.FindAsync(id);
}

Collection Expressions

SHOULD use collection expressions for collection initialization:

// Preferred
int[] numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
List<string> names = ["Alice", "Bob", "Charlie"];

// Spread operator
int[] combined = [..firstArray, ..secondArray];

Raw String Literals

SHOULD use raw string literals for multi-line strings and strings containing quotes:

var json = """
    {
        "name": "Example",
        "value": 42
    }
    """;

File-Scoped Namespaces

MUST use file-scoped namespaces to reduce nesting:

namespace MyApp.Services;

public class MyService { }

---

.NET 8+ Patterns

Minimal APIs

SHOULD use minimal APIs for microservices and simple endpoints:

var builder = WebApplication.CreateBuilder(args);
var app = builder.Build();

app.MapGet("/api/users/{id}", async (int id, IUserService service) =>
    await service.GetByIdAsync(id) is User user
        ? Results.Ok(user)
        : Results.NotFound());

app.Run();

AOT Compilation

SHOULD design for AOT compatibility when targeting native deployment:

• MUST NOT use reflection-heavy patterns
• SHOULD use source generators instead of runtime reflection
• MUST use [JsonSerializable] for System.Text.Json

[JsonSerializable(typeof(User))]
[JsonSerializable(typeof(List<User>))]
internal partial class AppJsonContext : JsonSerializerContext { }

Keyed Services

MAY use keyed services for named dependency resolution:

builder.Services.AddKeyedSingleton<ICache, RedisCache>("redis");
builder.Services.AddKeyedSingleton<ICache, MemoryCache>("memory");

---

Naming Conventions

General Rules

Element	Convention	Example
Public members	PascalCase	GetUserAsync()
Private fields	_camelCase	_userRepository
Local variables	camelCase	userName
Constants	PascalCase	MaxRetryCount
Interfaces	IPascalCase	IUserService
Type parameters	TPascalCase	TEntity
Async methods	Async suffix	GetUserAsync()

MUST Follow

• MUST use I prefix for interfaces
• MUST use Async suffix for async methods
• MUST NOT use Hungarian notation
• MUST NOT use underscores in public identifiers

---

Nullable Reference Types

Configuration

MUST enable nullable reference types in all projects:

<PropertyGroup>
    <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
</PropertyGroup>

Usage Rules

• MUST annotate all reference types explicitly
• MUST handle null appropriately with null-conditional operators
• SHOULD use required keyword for required properties
• MUST NOT use ! (null-forgiving operator) except when absolutely necessary

public class User
{
    public required string Name { get; init; }
    public string? Email { get; set; }
}

---

Async/Await Best Practices

Rules

• MUST use async all the way (no sync-over-async)
• MUST use ConfigureAwait(false) in library code
• MUST use CancellationToken for cancellable operations
• SHOULD prefer ValueTask for hot paths with frequent sync completion
• MUST NOT use async void except for event handlers

public async Task<User?> GetUserAsync(int id, CancellationToken ct = default)
{
    return await _repository.FindAsync(id, ct).ConfigureAwait(false);
}

Exception Handling

• MUST catch specific exceptions, not Exception
• SHOULD use when clause for conditional catches
• MUST NOT swallow exceptions silently

---

Dependency Injection

Rules

• MUST use constructor injection for required dependencies
• SHOULD use primary constructors for DI
• MUST NOT use service locator pattern
• MUST register services with appropriate lifetime

// Registration
builder.Services.AddScoped<IUserService, UserService>();
builder.Services.AddSingleton<ICacheService, CacheService>();
builder.Services.AddTransient<IEmailService, EmailService>();

Lifetime Guidelines

Lifetime	Use Case
Singleton	Stateless services, caches
Scoped	Per-request services, DbContext
Transient	Lightweight, stateless operations

---

Record Types

DTOs and Value Objects

MUST use records for DTOs and immutable data:

public record UserDto(int Id, string Name, string? Email);

public record CreateUserRequest(string Name, string Email);

public record ApiResponse<T>(T Data, bool Success, string? Error = null);

Rules

• MUST use positional records for simple DTOs
• MAY use record classes with properties for complex objects
• SHOULD use with expressions for immutable updates

---

LINQ Best Practices

Method Syntax

SHOULD prefer method syntax over query syntax:

// Preferred
var adults = users
    .Where(u => u.Age >= 18)
    .OrderBy(u => u.Name)
    .Select(u => new UserDto(u.Id, u.Name, u.Email));

// Avoid query syntax for simple queries
var adults = from u in users
             where u.Age >= 18
             select u;

Performance

• MUST materialize queries when iterating multiple times
• SHOULD use Any() instead of Count() > 0
• SHOULD use FirstOrDefault() with predicate
• MUST NOT use LINQ in hot paths without benchmarking

---

Testing

Framework Options

Framework	Command
xUnit	dotnet test
NUnit	dotnet test
MSTest	dotnet test

xUnit Patterns (RECOMMENDED)

public class UserServiceTests
{
    private readonly Mock<IUserRepository> _mockRepo = new();
    private readonly UserService _sut;

    public UserServiceTests()
    {
        _sut = new UserService(_mockRepo.Object);
    }

    [Fact]
    public async Task GetByIdAsync_WhenUserExists_ReturnsUser()
    {
        // Arrange
        var expected = new User { Id = 1, Name = "Test" };
        _mockRepo.Setup(r => r.FindAsync(1, default))
            .ReturnsAsync(expected);

        // Act
        var result = await _sut.GetByIdAsync(1);

        // Assert
        Assert.Equal(expected, result);
    }

    [Theory]
    [InlineData(0)]
    [InlineData(-1)]
    public async Task GetByIdAsync_WhenIdInvalid_ThrowsArgumentException(int id)
    {
        await Assert.ThrowsAsync<ArgumentException>(() => _sut.GetByIdAsync(id));
    }
}

Rules

• MUST follow Arrange-Act-Assert pattern
• MUST use meaningful test names
• SHOULD use [Theory] for parameterized tests
• MUST mock external dependencies

---

Project Structure

RECOMMENDED Layout

MySolution/
├── src/
│   ├── MyApp.Api/
│   │   ├── Controllers/
│   │   ├── Endpoints/
│   │   └── Program.cs
│   ├── MyApp.Application/
│   │   ├── Services/
│   │   └── DTOs/
│   ├── MyApp.Domain/
│   │   ├── Entities/
│   │   └── Interfaces/
│   └── MyApp.Infrastructure/
│       ├── Data/
│       └── Services/
├── tests/
│   ├── MyApp.UnitTests/
│   └── MyApp.IntegrationTests/
├── Directory.Build.props
├── Directory.Packages.props
└── MySolution.sln

Directory.Build.props

SHOULD use centralized build configuration:

<Project>
    <PropertyGroup>
        <TargetFramework>net8.0</TargetFramework>
        <ImplicitUsings>enable</ImplicitUsings>
        <Nullable>enable</Nullable>
        <TreatWarningsAsErrors>true</TreatWarningsAsErrors>
    </PropertyGroup>
</Project>

---

Error Handling

Result Pattern

SHOULD use Result pattern for expected failures:

public record Result<T>(T? Value, bool IsSuccess, string? Error = null)
{
    public static Result<T> Success(T value) => new(value, true);
    public static Result<T> Failure(string error) => new(default, false, error);
}

Exceptions

• MUST use exceptions for exceptional conditions only
• SHOULD create custom exceptions for domain errors
• MUST include relevant context in exception messages

---

Configuration

Options Pattern

MUST use Options pattern for configuration:

public class DatabaseOptions
{
    public const string SectionName = "Database";
    public required string ConnectionString { get; init; }
    public int MaxRetryCount { get; init; } = 3;
}

// Registration
builder.Services.Configure<DatabaseOptions>(
    builder.Configuration.GetSection(DatabaseOptions.SectionName));

---

Code Quality

Analyzers

SHOULD enable code analysis:

<PropertyGroup>
    <EnableNETAnalyzers>true</EnableNETAnalyzers>
    <AnalysisLevel>latest-recommended</AnalysisLevel>
</PropertyGroup>

EditorConfig

MUST include .editorconfig for consistent style across team.