Accessible Component Patterns

Component Patterns

Button

• Use <button>, never <div onclick> or <a> for actions
• Toggle buttons: aria-pressed="true|false"
• Icon-only buttons: aria-label="descriptive text"
• Loading state: aria-disabled="true" + aria-busy="true", keep label readable
• Keyboard: Enter and Space activate

Link vs Button

• Link: navigates somewhere (<a href>)
• Button: does something (<button>)
• Never use <a> without href. Never use <a href="#" onclick> for actions.

Modal Dialog

• role="dialog" + aria-modal="true" + aria-labelledby="title-id"
• Focus trap: Tab cycles within modal, never escapes to background
• On open: move focus to first focusable element (or the close button)
• On close: return focus to the element that triggered the modal
• Escape closes the modal
• Background content: aria-hidden="true" on content behind modal, or inert attribute

Dropdown Menu

• Trigger: aria-haspopup="true" + aria-expanded="true|false"
• Menu: role="menu", items: role="menuitem"
• Keyboard: Enter/Space opens, ArrowDown/ArrowUp navigates, Escape closes
• On open: focus moves to first menu item
• On close: focus returns to trigger

Tabs

• Container: role="tablist"
• Tab: role="tab" + aria-selected="true|false" + aria-controls="panel-id"
• Panel: role="tabpanel" + aria-labelledby="tab-id"
• Keyboard: ArrowLeft/ArrowRight between tabs, Tab moves into panel content
• Active tab: tabindex="0", inactive tabs: tabindex="-1"

Combobox (Autocomplete)

• Input: role="combobox" + aria-expanded + aria-controls="listbox-id" + aria-autocomplete="list|both"
• Options: role="listbox" > role="option"
• Active option: aria-activedescendant="option-id" on the input
• Keyboard: ArrowDown/ArrowUp navigate options, Enter selects, Escape closes list
• Announce result count: live region with "X results available"

Toast / Notification

• Use role="status" (polite) for info, role="alert" (assertive) for errors
• Add aria-live="polite" or aria-live="assertive"
• Don't auto-dismiss error toasts — user may need time to read
• Info toasts: auto-dismiss is OK (5+ seconds), provide pause on hover
• Don't stack too many — screen readers announce each one

Form

• Every input needs a <label> with for attribute (or wrapping)
• Error messages: aria-describedby pointing to error text + aria-invalid="true"
• Required fields: aria-required="true" (or HTML required)
• Group related fields: <fieldset> + <legend>
• Submit feedback: announce success/failure via live region, not just visual change

Accordion

• Trigger: <button> with aria-expanded="true|false" + aria-controls="panel-id"
• Panel: region with role="region" + aria-labelledby="trigger-id"
• Keyboard: Enter/Space toggles, standard focus order (no arrow key nav needed)

Focus Management Patterns

Focus Trap

Contain focus within a region (modals, drawers):

• Track first and last focusable elements
• On Tab from last: move to first
• On Shift+Tab from first: move to last
• Use inert attribute on background content when available

Focus Restoration

When closing an overlay, return focus to the trigger:

• Store document.activeElement before opening
• Restore on close
• If trigger no longer exists, focus nearest logical ancestor

Skip Link

First focusable element on the page, hidden until focused:

• "Skip to main content" linking to <main> or #content
• Visible on :focus, hidden otherwise
• Must be the first item in tab order

Roving Tabindex

For widget-internal navigation (tabs, toolbars, menus):

• Active item: tabindex="0"
• All other items: tabindex="-1"
• Arrow keys move focus and update tabindex values
• Tab exits the widget entirely

Screen Reader Patterns

Live Regions

• aria-live="polite": announced after current speech finishes (status updates, search results count)
• aria-live="assertive": interrupts current speech (errors, urgent alerts)
• Add the live region to DOM first, then update its content — screen readers only announce changes

Visually Hidden Content

For screen-reader-only text:

.sr-only {
  position: absolute;
  width: 1px; height: 1px;
  padding: 0; margin: -1px;
  overflow: hidden;
  clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);
  white-space: nowrap;
  border: 0;
}

Never use display: none or visibility: hidden for SR-only content — those hide from screen readers too.

Dynamic Content

• Loading states: aria-busy="true" on the container, announce "Loading" via live region
• Infinite scroll: announce new content count, maintain focus position
• Single-page navigation: announce new page title via live region, move focus to <h1> or <main>

Testing Checklist

For every interactive component:

• Keyboard-only operation (no mouse required)
• Visible focus indicator on every focusable element
• Screen reader announces purpose, state, and changes
• Color contrast 4.5:1 for text, 3:1 for UI elements
• Touch target minimum 44x44px on mobile
• No content conveyed by color alone
• Works with 200% zoom without horizontal scroll