Three.js Best Practices

Comprehensive performance optimization guide for Three.js applications. Contains 120+ rules across 18 categories, prioritized by impact.

Sources & Credits

This skill compiles best practices from multiple authoritative sources:

• Official guidelines from Three.js llms branch maintained by mrdoob
• 100 Three.js Tips by Utsubo - Excellent comprehensive guide covering WebGPU, asset optimization, and performance tips

When to Apply

Reference these guidelines when:

• Setting up a new Three.js project
• Writing or reviewing Three.js code
• Optimizing performance or fixing memory leaks
• Working with custom shaders (GLSL or TSL)
• Implementing WebGPU features
• Building VR/AR experiences with WebXR
• Integrating physics engines
• Optimizing for mobile devices

Rule Categories by Priority

Priority	Category	Impact	Prefix
0	Modern Setup & Imports	FUNDAMENTAL	setup-
1	Memory Management & Dispose	CRITICAL	memory-
2	Render Loop Optimization	CRITICAL	render-
3	Draw Call Optimization	CRITICAL	drawcall-
4	Geometry & Buffer Management	HIGH	geometry-
5	Material & Texture Optimization	HIGH	material-
6	Asset Compression	HIGH	asset-
7	Lighting & Shadows	MEDIUM-HIGH	lighting-
8	Scene Graph Organization	MEDIUM	scene-
9	Shader Best Practices (GLSL)	MEDIUM	shader-
10	TSL (Three.js Shading Language)	MEDIUM	tsl-
11	WebGPU Renderer	MEDIUM	webgpu-
12	Loading & Assets	MEDIUM	loading-
13	Core Web Vitals	MEDIUM-HIGH	vitals-
14	Camera & Controls	LOW-MEDIUM	camera-
15	Animation System	MEDIUM	animation-
16	Physics Integration	MEDIUM	physics-
17	WebXR / VR / AR	MEDIUM	webxr-
18	Audio	LOW-MEDIUM	audio-
19	Post-Processing	MEDIUM	postpro-
20	Mobile Optimization	HIGH	mobile-
21	Production	HIGH	error-, migration-
22	Debug & DevTools	LOW	debug-

Quick Reference

0. Modern Setup (FUNDAMENTAL)

• setup-use-import-maps - Use Import Maps, not old CDN scripts
• setup-choose-renderer - WebGLRenderer (default) vs WebGPURenderer (TSL/compute)
• setup-animation-loop - Use renderer.setAnimationLoop() not manual RAF
• setup-basic-scene-template - Complete modern scene template

1. Memory Management (CRITICAL)

• memory-dispose-geometry - Always dispose geometries
• memory-dispose-material - Always dispose materials and textures
• memory-dispose-textures - Dispose dynamically created textures
• memory-dispose-render-targets - Always dispose WebGLRenderTarget
• memory-dispose-recursive - Use recursive disposal for hierarchies
• memory-dispose-on-unmount - Dispose in React cleanup/unmount
• memory-renderer-dispose - Dispose renderer when destroying view
• memory-reuse-objects - Reuse geometries and materials

2. Render Loop (CRITICAL)

• render-single-raf - Single requestAnimationFrame loop
• render-conditional - Render on demand for static scenes
• render-delta-time - Use delta time for animations
• render-avoid-allocations - Never allocate in render loop
• render-cache-computations - Cache expensive computations
• render-frustum-culling - Enable frustum culling
• render-update-matrix-manual - Disable auto matrix updates for static objects
• render-pixel-ratio - Limit pixel ratio to 2
• render-antialias-wisely - Use antialiasing judiciously

3. Draw Call Optimization (CRITICAL)

• draw-call-optimization - Target under 100 draw calls per frame
• geometry-instanced-mesh - Use InstancedMesh for identical objects
• geometry-batched-mesh - Use BatchedMesh for varied geometries (same material)
• geometry-merge-static - Merge static geometries with BufferGeometryUtils

4. Geometry (HIGH)

• geometry-buffer-geometry - Always use BufferGeometry
• geometry-merge-static - Merge static geometries
• geometry-instanced-mesh - Use InstancedMesh for identical objects
• geometry-lod - Use Level of Detail for complex models
• geometry-index-buffer - Use indexed geometry
• geometry-vertex-count - Minimize vertex count
• geometry-attributes-typed - Use appropriate typed arrays
• geometry-interleaved - Consider interleaved buffers

5. Materials & Textures (HIGH)

• material-reuse - Reuse materials across meshes
• material-simplest-sufficient - Use simplest material that works
• material-texture-size-power-of-two - Power-of-two texture dimensions
• material-texture-compression - Use compressed textures (KTX2/Basis)
• material-texture-mipmaps - Enable mipmaps appropriately
• material-texture-anisotropy - Use anisotropic filtering for floors
• material-texture-atlas - Use texture atlases
• material-avoid-transparency - Minimize transparent materials
• material-onbeforecompile - Use onBeforeCompile for shader mods (or TSL)

6. Asset Compression (HIGH)

• asset-compression - Draco, Meshopt, KTX2 compression guide
• asset-draco - 90-95% geometry size reduction
• asset-ktx2 - GPU-compressed textures (UASTC vs ETC1S)
• asset-meshopt - Alternative to Draco with faster decompression
• asset-lod - Level of Detail for 30-40% frame rate improvement

7. Lighting & Shadows (MEDIUM-HIGH)

• lighting-limit-lights - Limit to 3 or fewer active lights
• lighting-shadows-advanced - PointLight cost, CSM, fake shadows
• lighting-bake-static - Bake lighting for static scenes
• lighting-shadow-camera-tight - Fit shadow camera tightly
• lighting-shadow-map-size - Choose appropriate shadow resolution (512-4096)
• lighting-shadow-selective - Enable shadows selectively
• lighting-shadow-cascade - Use CSM for large scenes
• lighting-shadow-auto-update - Disable autoUpdate for static scenes
• lighting-probe - Use Light Probes
• lighting-environment - Environment maps for ambient light
• lighting-fake-shadows - Gradient planes for budget contact shadows

8. Scene Graph (MEDIUM)

• scene-group-objects - Use Groups for organization
• scene-layers - Use Layers for selective rendering
• scene-visible-toggle - Use visible flag, not add/remove
• scene-flatten-static - Flatten static hierarchies
• scene-name-objects - Name objects for debugging
• object-pooling - Reuse objects instead of create/destroy

9. Shaders GLSL (MEDIUM)

• shader-precision - Use mediump for mobile (~2x faster)
• shader-mobile - Mobile-specific optimizations (varyings, branching)
• shader-avoid-branching - Replace conditionals with mix/step
• shader-precompute-cpu - Precompute on CPU
• shader-avoid-discard - Avoid discard, use alphaTest
• shader-texture-lod - Use textureLod for known mip levels
• shader-uniform-arrays - Prefer uniform arrays
• shader-varying-interpolation - Limit varyings to 3 for mobile
• shader-pack-data - Pack data into RGBA channels
• shader-chunk-injection - Use Three.js shader chunks

10. TSL - Three.js Shading Language (MEDIUM)

• tsl-why-use - Use TSL instead of onBeforeCompile
• tsl-setup-webgpu - WebGPU setup for TSL
• tsl-complete-reference - Full TSL type system and functions
• tsl-material-slots - Material node properties reference
• tsl-node-materials - Use NodeMaterial classes
• tsl-basic-operations - Types, operations, swizzling
• tsl-functions - Creating TSL functions with Fn()
• tsl-conditionals - If, select, loops in TSL
• tsl-textures - Textures and triplanar mapping
• tsl-noise - Built-in noise functions (mx_noise_float, mx_fractal_noise)
• tsl-post-processing - bloom, blur, dof, ao
• tsl-compute-shaders - GPGPU and compute operations
• tsl-glsl-to-tsl - GLSL to TSL translation

11. WebGPU Renderer (MEDIUM)

• webgpu-renderer - Setup, browser support, migration guide
• webgpu-render-async - Use renderAsync for compute-heavy scenes
• webgpu-feature-detection - Check adapter features
• webgpu-instanced-array - GPU-persistent buffers
• webgpu-storage-textures - Read-write compute textures
• webgpu-workgroup-memory - Shared memory (10-100x faster)
• webgpu-indirect-draws - GPU-driven rendering

12. Loading & Assets (MEDIUM)

• loading-draco-compression - Use Draco for large meshes
• loading-gltf-preferred - Use glTF format
• gltf-loading-optimization - Full loader setup with DRACO/Meshopt/KTX2
• loading-progress-feedback - Show loading progress
• loading-async-await - Use async/await for loading
• loading-lazy - Lazy load non-critical assets
• loading-cache-assets - Enable caching
• loading-dispose-unused - Unload unused assets

13. Core Web Vitals (MEDIUM-HIGH)

• core-web-vitals - LCP, FID, CLS optimization for 3D
• vitals-lazy-load - Lazy load 3D below the fold with IntersectionObserver
• vitals-code-split - Dynamic import Three.js modules
• vitals-preload - Preload critical assets with link tags
• vitals-progressive-loading - Low-res to high-res progressive load
• vitals-placeholders - Show placeholder geometry during load
• vitals-web-workers - Offload heavy work to workers
• vitals-streaming - Stream large scenes by chunks

14. Camera & Controls (LOW-MEDIUM)

• camera-near-far - Set tight near/far planes
• camera-fov - Choose appropriate FOV
• camera-controls-damping - Use damping for smooth controls
• camera-resize-handler - Handle resize properly
• camera-orbit-limits - Set orbit control limits

15. Animation (MEDIUM)

• animation-system - AnimationMixer, blending, morph targets, skeletal

16. Physics (MEDIUM)

• physics-integration - Rapier, Cannon-es integration patterns
• physics-compute-shaders - GPU physics with compute shaders

17. WebXR (MEDIUM)

• webxr-setup - VR/AR buttons, controllers, hit testing

18. Audio (LOW-MEDIUM)

• audio-spatial - PositionalAudio, HRTF, spatial sound

19. Post-Processing (MEDIUM)

• postprocessing-optimization - pmndrs/postprocessing guide
• postpro-renderer-config - Disable AA, stencil, depth for post
• postpro-merge-effects - Combine effects in single pass
• postpro-selective-bloom - Selective bloom for performance
• postpro-resolution-scaling - Half resolution for 2x FPS
• postpro-webgpu-native - TSL-based post for WebGPU

20. Optimization (HIGH)

• mobile-optimization - Mobile-specific optimizations and checklist
• raycasting-optimization - BVH, layers, GPU picking

21. Production (HIGH)

• error-handling-recovery - WebGL context loss and recovery
• migration-checklist - Breaking changes by version

22. Debug & DevTools (LOW)

• debug-devtools - Complete debugging toolkit
• debug-stats-gl - stats-gl for WebGL/WebGPU monitoring
• debug-lil-gui - lil-gui for live parameter tweaking
• debug-spector - Spector.js for WebGL frame capture
• debug-renderer-info - Monitor draw calls and memory
• debug-three-mesh-bvh - Fast raycasting with BVH
• debug-context-lost - Handle WebGL context loss
• debug-animation-loop-profiling - Profile render loop sections
• debug-conditional - Remove debug code in production

How to Use

Read individual rule files for detailed explanations and code examples:

rules/setup-use-import-maps.md
rules/memory-dispose-geometry.md
rules/tsl-complete-reference.md
rules/mobile-optimization.md

Each rule file contains:

• Brief explanation of why it matters
• BAD code example with explanation
• GOOD code example with explanation
• Additional context and references

Key Patterns

Modern Import Maps

<script type="importmap">
{
  "imports": {
    "three": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.182.0/build/three.module.js",
    "three/addons/": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.182.0/examples/jsm/",
    "three/tsl": "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/three@0.182.0/build/three.tsl.js"
  }
}
</script>

Proper Disposal

function disposeObject(obj) {
  if (obj.geometry) obj.geometry.dispose();
  if (obj.material) {
    if (Array.isArray(obj.material)) {
      obj.material.forEach(m => m.dispose());
    } else {
      obj.material.dispose();
    }
  }
}

TSL Basic Usage

import { texture, uv, color, time, sin } from 'three/tsl';

const material = new THREE.MeshStandardNodeMaterial();
material.colorNode = texture(map).mul(color(0xff0000));
material.colorNode = color(0x00ff00).mul(sin(time).mul(0.5).add(0.5));

Mobile Detection

const isMobile = /Android|iPhone|iPad|iPod/i.test(navigator.userAgent);
renderer.setPixelRatio(Math.min(window.devicePixelRatio, isMobile ? 1.5 : 2));