SOLID Principles for .NET

Overview

SOLID is an acronym for five principles that lead to maintainable, testable, and extensible object-oriented code.

Principle	Summary
S - Single Responsibility	One class, one reason to change
O - Open/Closed	Open for extension, closed for modification
L - Liskov Substitution	Subtypes must be substitutable for base types
I - Interface Segregation	Many specific interfaces > one general interface
D - Dependency Inversion	Depend on abstractions, not concretions

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S - Single Responsibility Principle (SRP)

A class should have only one reason to change.

Violation Example

// BAD: Multiple responsibilities
public class OrderService
{
    public Order CreateOrder(OrderRequest request)
    {
        // Validation logic
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.CustomerEmail))
            throw new ValidationException("Email required");

        // Business logic
        var order = new Order
        {
            Id = Guid.NewGuid(),
            Items = request.Items,
            Total = CalculateTotal(request.Items)
        };

        // Persistence logic
        using var connection = new SqlConnection(_connectionString);
        connection.Execute("INSERT INTO Orders...", order);

        // Notification logic
        var emailBody = $"Order {order.Id} confirmed!";
        _smtpClient.Send(request.CustomerEmail, "Order Confirmed", emailBody);

        // Logging logic
        File.AppendAllText("orders.log", $"{DateTime.Now}: Order {order.Id} created");

        return order;
    }
}

Correct Implementation

// GOOD: Single responsibility per class
public class OrderService
{
    private readonly IOrderValidator _validator;
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    private readonly IOrderNotifier _notifier;
    private readonly ILogger<OrderService> _logger;

    public OrderService(
        IOrderValidator validator,
        IOrderRepository repository,
        IOrderNotifier notifier,
        ILogger<OrderService> logger)
    {
        _validator = validator;
        _repository = repository;
        _notifier = notifier;
        _logger = logger;
    }

    public async Task<Order> CreateOrderAsync(OrderRequest request)
    {
        _validator.Validate(request);

        var order = Order.Create(request.Items);

        await _repository.AddAsync(order);
        await _notifier.NotifyOrderCreatedAsync(order, request.CustomerEmail);

        _logger.LogInformation("Order {OrderId} created", order.Id);

        return order;
    }
}

// Each concern in its own class
public class OrderValidator : IOrderValidator
{
    public void Validate(OrderRequest request)
    {
        if (string.IsNullOrEmpty(request.CustomerEmail))
            throw new ValidationException("Email required");
    }
}

public class OrderRepository : IOrderRepository
{
    private readonly DbContext _context;

    public async Task AddAsync(Order order)
    {
        _context.Orders.Add(order);
        await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
    }
}

public class EmailOrderNotifier : IOrderNotifier
{
    private readonly IEmailService _emailService;

    public async Task NotifyOrderCreatedAsync(Order order, string email)
    {
        await _emailService.SendAsync(email, "Order Confirmed", $"Order {order.Id} confirmed!");
    }
}

SRP Test: Ask These Questions

1. Can I describe what the class does without using "and"?
2. Would different stakeholders want changes to this class?
3. Does the class have more than 200-300 lines?

---

O - Open/Closed Principle (OCP)

Software entities should be open for extension but closed for modification.

Violation Example

// BAD: Must modify class to add new discount types
public class DiscountCalculator
{
    public decimal Calculate(Order order, string discountType)
    {
        switch (discountType)
        {
            case "percentage":
                return order.Total * 0.1m;
            case "fixed":
                return 10m;
            case "loyalty":
                return order.Total * 0.15m;
            // Every new discount requires modifying this class
            default:
                return 0m;
        }
    }
}

Correct Implementation

// GOOD: Extensible without modification
public interface IDiscountStrategy
{
    decimal Calculate(Order order);
}

public class PercentageDiscount : IDiscountStrategy
{
    private readonly decimal _percentage;

    public PercentageDiscount(decimal percentage) => _percentage = percentage;

    public decimal Calculate(Order order) => order.Total * _percentage;
}

public class FixedDiscount : IDiscountStrategy
{
    private readonly decimal _amount;

    public FixedDiscount(decimal amount) => _amount = amount;

    public decimal Calculate(Order order) => Math.Min(_amount, order.Total);
}

public class LoyaltyDiscount : IDiscountStrategy
{
    private readonly ILoyaltyService _loyaltyService;

    public LoyaltyDiscount(ILoyaltyService loyaltyService) => _loyaltyService = loyaltyService;

    public decimal Calculate(Order order)
    {
        var tier = _loyaltyService.GetCustomerTier(order.CustomerId);
        return tier switch
        {
            LoyaltyTier.Gold => order.Total * 0.15m,
            LoyaltyTier.Silver => order.Total * 0.10m,
            _ => 0m
        };
    }
}

// New discounts added without touching existing code
public class BulkDiscount : IDiscountStrategy
{
    public decimal Calculate(Order order)
    {
        if (order.Items.Count >= 10)
            return order.Total * 0.20m;
        return 0m;
    }
}

// Calculator is closed for modification
public class DiscountCalculator
{
    public decimal Calculate(Order order, IDiscountStrategy strategy)
    {
        return strategy.Calculate(order);
    }
}

OCP Patterns

• Strategy Pattern (as shown above)
• Template Method Pattern
• Decorator Pattern
• Plugin Architecture

---

L - Liskov Substitution Principle (LSP)

Objects of a superclass should be replaceable with objects of its subclasses without breaking the application.

Violation Example

// BAD: Square violates Rectangle's contract
public class Rectangle
{
    public virtual int Width { get; set; }
    public virtual int Height { get; set; }

    public int CalculateArea() => Width * Height;
}

public class Square : Rectangle
{
    public override int Width
    {
        get => base.Width;
        set
        {
            base.Width = value;
            base.Height = value; // Unexpected side effect!
        }
    }

    public override int Height
    {
        get => base.Height;
        set
        {
            base.Height = value;
            base.Width = value; // Unexpected side effect!
        }
    }
}

// This test fails for Square!
[Fact]
public void Rectangle_SetDimensions_CalculatesCorrectArea()
{
    Rectangle rect = new Square(); // Substitution
    rect.Width = 5;
    rect.Height = 4;
    Assert.Equal(20, rect.CalculateArea()); // Fails! Returns 16
}

Correct Implementation

// GOOD: Separate abstractions
public interface IShape
{
    int CalculateArea();
}

public class Rectangle : IShape
{
    public int Width { get; }
    public int Height { get; }

    public Rectangle(int width, int height)
    {
        Width = width;
        Height = height;
    }

    public int CalculateArea() => Width * Height;
}

public class Square : IShape
{
    public int Side { get; }

    public Square(int side) => Side = side;

    public int CalculateArea() => Side * Side;
}

// Both work correctly with the abstraction
public class AreaCalculator
{
    public int TotalArea(IEnumerable<IShape> shapes)
    {
        return shapes.Sum(s => s.CalculateArea());
    }
}

LSP Rules

1. Preconditions cannot be strengthened in subtype
2. Postconditions cannot be weakened in subtype
3. Invariants must be preserved in subtype
4. History constraint (no unexpected state changes)

Common LSP Violations

// BAD: Throwing NotSupportedException
public class ReadOnlyCollection<T> : ICollection<T>
{
    public void Add(T item) => throw new NotSupportedException();
}

// BAD: Ignoring base class behavior
public class CachedRepository : Repository
{
    public override void Save(Entity entity)
    {
        // Doesn't call base.Save() - breaks persistence!
        _cache.Add(entity);
    }
}

---

I - Interface Segregation Principle (ISP)

Clients should not be forced to depend on interfaces they do not use.

Violation Example

// BAD: Fat interface
public interface IWorker
{
    void Work();
    void Eat();
    void Sleep();
    void AttendMeeting();
    void WriteCode();
    void ManageTeam();
}

// Robot can't eat or sleep!
public class Robot : IWorker
{
    public void Work() { /* OK */ }
    public void Eat() => throw new NotSupportedException();
    public void Sleep() => throw new NotSupportedException();
    public void AttendMeeting() => throw new NotSupportedException();
    public void WriteCode() { /* OK */ }
    public void ManageTeam() => throw new NotSupportedException();
}

Correct Implementation

// GOOD: Segregated interfaces
public interface IWorkable
{
    void Work();
}

public interface IFeedable
{
    void Eat();
}

public interface ISleepable
{
    void Sleep();
}

public interface IMeetingAttendee
{
    void AttendMeeting();
}

public interface IDeveloper : IWorkable
{
    void WriteCode();
}

public interface IManager : IWorkable, IMeetingAttendee
{
    void ManageTeam();
}

// Clean implementations
public class HumanDeveloper : IDeveloper, IFeedable, ISleepable
{
    public void Work() { }
    public void WriteCode() { }
    public void Eat() { }
    public void Sleep() { }
}

public class Robot : IDeveloper
{
    public void Work() { }
    public void WriteCode() { }
    // No forced empty implementations!
}

Repository ISP Example

// BAD: Monolithic repository
public interface IRepository<T>
{
    T GetById(int id);
    IEnumerable<T> GetAll();
    void Add(T entity);
    void Update(T entity);
    void Delete(T entity);
    IEnumerable<T> Find(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate);
    void BulkInsert(IEnumerable<T> entities);
    void ExecuteRawSql(string sql);
}

// GOOD: Segregated repositories
public interface IReadRepository<T>
{
    T? GetById(int id);
    IEnumerable<T> GetAll();
}

public interface IWriteRepository<T>
{
    void Add(T entity);
    void Update(T entity);
    void Delete(T entity);
}

public interface IQueryRepository<T>
{
    IEnumerable<T> Find(Expression<Func<T, bool>> predicate);
}

// Compose as needed
public interface IOrderRepository : IReadRepository<Order>, IWriteRepository<Order> { }

public interface IReportRepository : IReadRepository<Report>, IQueryRepository<Report> { }

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D - Dependency Inversion Principle (DIP)

High-level modules should not depend on low-level modules. Both should depend on abstractions.

Violation Example

// BAD: High-level depends on low-level
public class OrderService
{
    private readonly SqlOrderRepository _repository; // Concrete!
    private readonly SmtpEmailSender _emailSender;   // Concrete!

    public OrderService()
    {
        _repository = new SqlOrderRepository("connection-string");
        _emailSender = new SmtpEmailSender("smtp.server.com");
    }

    public void CreateOrder(Order order)
    {
        _repository.Save(order);
        _emailSender.Send(order.CustomerEmail, "Order Created");
    }
}

Correct Implementation

// GOOD: Depend on abstractions
public interface IOrderRepository
{
    Task SaveAsync(Order order);
    Task<Order?> GetByIdAsync(Guid id);
}

public interface INotificationService
{
    Task SendAsync(string recipient, string subject, string message);
}

public class OrderService
{
    private readonly IOrderRepository _repository;
    private readonly INotificationService _notificationService;

    // Dependencies injected via constructor
    public OrderService(
        IOrderRepository repository,
        INotificationService notificationService)
    {
        _repository = repository;
        _notificationService = notificationService;
    }

    public async Task CreateOrderAsync(Order order)
    {
        await _repository.SaveAsync(order);
        await _notificationService.SendAsync(
            order.CustomerEmail,
            "Order Created",
            $"Your order {order.Id} has been created.");
    }
}

// Low-level modules implement abstractions
public class SqlOrderRepository : IOrderRepository
{
    private readonly DbContext _context;

    public SqlOrderRepository(DbContext context) => _context = context;

    public async Task SaveAsync(Order order)
    {
        _context.Orders.Add(order);
        await _context.SaveChangesAsync();
    }

    public async Task<Order?> GetByIdAsync(Guid id)
    {
        return await _context.Orders.FindAsync(id);
    }
}

public class EmailNotificationService : INotificationService
{
    private readonly IEmailClient _emailClient;

    public EmailNotificationService(IEmailClient emailClient) => _emailClient = emailClient;

    public async Task SendAsync(string recipient, string subject, string message)
    {
        await _emailClient.SendEmailAsync(recipient, subject, message);
    }
}

// Registration in DI container
services.AddScoped<IOrderRepository, SqlOrderRepository>();
services.AddScoped<INotificationService, EmailNotificationService>();
services.AddScoped<OrderService>();

DIP Benefits

1. Testability: Mock dependencies easily
2. Flexibility: Swap implementations without changing consumers
3. Maintainability: Changes isolated to implementations
4. Parallel development: Teams work on interfaces

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Quick Reference

Principle	Violation Sign	Fix
SRP	Class has multiple reasons to change	Extract classes by responsibility
OCP	Adding features requires modifying existing code	Use abstractions and composition
LSP	Subclass can't substitute base class	Fix inheritance or use composition
ISP	Implementations throw NotSupported	Split large interfaces
DIP	High-level creates low-level instances	Inject dependencies via interfaces

See examples.md for more comprehensive examples.