ERA5 Download

Overview

This skill enables downloading ERA5 reanalysis data from the Copernicus Climate Data Store (CDS) using the cdsapi Python package. ERA5 is a global atmospheric reanalysis dataset providing hourly estimates of atmospheric, land, and ocean climate variables from 1940 to present.

Prerequisites

Before downloading ERA5 data, ensure:

1. cdsapi is installed: Add via uv add cdsapi or pip install cdsapi
2. CDS credentials configured: Either:
   • Configuration file ~/.cdsapirc with:

     url: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/api
     key: <YOUR-PERSONAL-ACCESS-TOKEN>
     

   • Or environment variable: COPERNICUS_API_KEY=<token>
3. License accepted: User must accept dataset Terms of Use at https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels

Quick Start

Simple Download

For straightforward downloads with known variables:

import cdsapi

client = cdsapi.Client()
result = client.retrieve(
    "reanalysis-era5-single-levels",
    {
        "product_type": "reanalysis",
        "variable": ["2m_temperature", "total_precipitation"],
        "year": "2023",
        "month": "01",
        "day": ["01", "02"],
        "time": ["00:00", "06:00", "12:00", "18:00"],
        "area": [45.5, -122.5, 45.5, -122.5],  # Single point: [lat, lon, lat, lon]
        "format": "netcdf",
    },
)
result.download("output.nc")

Using the Bundled Script

For more complex downloads or command-line usage, use scripts/download_era5.py:

# Download 2m temperature for January 2023 at a single point
uv run python scripts/download_era5.py \
  -v 2m_temperature \
  -s 2023-01-01 -e 2023-01-31 \
  --lat 45.5 --lon -122.5 \
  -o temperature_jan2023.nc

# Download multiple variables for a specific site
uv run python scripts/download_era5.py \
  -v 2m_temperature total_precipitation surface_pressure \
  -s 2023-01-01 -e 2023-01-02 \
  --lat 45.5 --lon -122.5 \
  -o climate_data.nc

# Download 6-hourly data at pressure levels (3D atmosphere)
uv run python scripts/download_era5.py \
  -v temperature geopotential \
  -s 2023-01-01 -e 2023-01-01 \
  --hours 00:00 06:00 12:00 18:00 \
  --pressure-levels 1000 850 500 \
  --lat 45.5 --lon -122.5 \
  -o upper_air.nc

Variable Selection

Finding Variables

When users request specific climate variables:

1. Search the reference: Use grep on references/era5_variables.md:

   grep -i "temperature" references/era5_variables.md
   grep -i "precipitation" references/era5_variables.md
   grep "soil_moisture" references/era5_variables.md
   

2. Common categories: The reference organizes variables by:

   • Atmospheric Variables (temperature, precipitation, wind, pressure, radiation)
   • Land Surface Variables (soil temperature/moisture, vegetation, snow, runoff)
   • Pressure Level Variables (3D atmospheric data)

3. Ecosystem modeling use case: For typical biogeochemical modeling (like EcoSIM), commonly needed variables are:

   • 2m_temperature - Air temperature
   • total_precipitation - Precipitation
   • surface_pressure - Atmospheric pressure
   • surface_solar_radiation_downwards - Solar radiation
   • 10m_u_component_of_wind, 10m_v_component_of_wind - Wind
   • 2m_relative_humidity or 2m_dewpoint_temperature - Humidity
   • Soil layers: soil_temperature_level_1, volumetric_soil_water_layer_1, etc.

Variable Name Format

ERA5 uses underscored names (e.g., 2m_temperature, not t2m or 2m-temperature).

Spatial and Temporal Subsetting

Geographic Location

For site-specific modeling, use single lat/long points for maximum efficiency:

• Script: --lat 45.5 --lon -122.5
• Direct API: "area": [45.5, -122.5, 45.5, -122.5] (format: [lat, lon, lat, lon])
• This downloads only the nearest grid point (~0.25° resolution)
• Much more efficient than bounding boxes for single-site studies
• Omit for global data

Note: Only use bounding boxes if you truly need a spatial region, not for single sites.

Temporal Selection

Control time range and resolution:

• Date range: Specify start/end dates (YYYY-MM-DD format)
• Hours: Subset to specific times (e.g., 6-hourly: ["00:00", "06:00", "12:00", "18:00"])
• Default: All 24 hours per day

Best Practices

1. Start small: Test with 1-2 days before downloading years of data
2. Single points for sites: Use --lat/--lon for single-site modeling (much faster than bounding boxes)
3. Temporal subsetting: Use --hours for sub-daily data if hourly resolution isn't needed
4. Batch large requests: Break multi-year downloads into yearly or monthly chunks

Datasets

Single-Level (2D) Data

Dataset: reanalysis-era5-single-levels

• Surface and near-surface variables
• Integrated atmospheric columns
• Land surface conditions
• Use when variables don't require pressure levels

Pressure-Level (3D) Data

Dataset: reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels

• Upper air meteorology (temperature, geopotential, winds)
• Requires pressure_level parameter (e.g., [1000, 850, 500] hPa)
• Use script flag: --pressure-levels 1000 850 500

Output Formats

NetCDF (Recommended)

• format: "netcdf" or --format netcdf
• Easier to work with in Python (xarray, netCDF4)
• Compatible with most modeling frameworks
• Self-describing with metadata

GRIB

• format: "grib" or --format grib
• Standard meteorological format
• Requires specialized libraries (cfgrib, pygrib)

Workflow Patterns

Pattern 1: Climate Forcing for Models

When users need climate data to drive ecosystem/biogeochemical models:

1. Identify experimental site coordinates from metadata
2. Determine required variables for model forcing
3. Download ERA5 data for site location and time period
4. Convert to model-specific NetCDF format if needed

Example:

# For EcoSIM forcing at experimental site (using cdsapi directly)
import cdsapi

client = cdsapi.Client()
result = client.retrieve(
    "reanalysis-era5-single-levels",
    {
        "product_type": "reanalysis",
        "variable": [
            "2m_temperature",
            "total_precipitation",
            "surface_pressure",
            "surface_solar_radiation_downwards",
            "10m_u_component_of_wind",
            "10m_v_component_of_wind",
            "2m_dewpoint_temperature",
        ],
        "year": [str(y) for y in range(2012, 2023)],
        "month": [f"{m:02d}" for m in range(1, 13)],
        "day": [f"{d:02d}" for d in range(1, 32)],
        "time": [f"{h:02d}:00" for h in range(24)],
        "area": [46.25, -122.25, 46.25, -122.25],  # Blodget site single point
        "format": "netcdf",
    },
)
result.download("ecosim_forcing_blodget.nc")

Pattern 2: Multi-Site Meta-Analysis

When users have multiple experimental sites requiring climate data:

1. Read site metadata (e.g., from TSV/CSV with lat/lon)
2. Loop through sites, downloading data for each location
3. Use consistent temporal resolution and variables across sites
4. Save with systematic naming convention

Pattern 3: Validation Data

When users need ERA5 data for model validation:

1. Download ERA5 estimates for validation variables (e.g., evaporation, runoff)
2. Match temporal and spatial resolution to model output
3. Ensure variables are comparable (same units, definitions)

Troubleshooting

License Not Accepted

Error: 403 Client Error: Forbidden ... required licences not accepted

Solution: Visit dataset page and accept Terms of Use:

• Single-levels: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-single-levels
• Pressure-levels: https://cds.climate.copernicus.eu/datasets/reanalysis-era5-pressure-levels

Authentication Issues

If cdsapi can't authenticate:

1. Check ~/.cdsapirc exists with correct URL and key
2. Verify Personal Access Token from CDS profile
3. Check environment variable COPERNICUS_API_KEY if using that method

Large Downloads Timing Out

For multi-year datasets:

1. Break into smaller chunks (monthly/yearly)
2. Use single point locations (--lat/--lon) instead of bounding boxes for site-specific data
3. Reduce temporal resolution with --hours
4. Consider using ERA5-Land for land-only variables (higher resolution, smaller files)

Wrong Variable Names

If variables aren't found:

1. Check spelling and underscores (e.g., 2m_temperature not 2m-temperature)
2. Verify variable exists in the chosen dataset (single-levels vs pressure-levels)
3. Consult references/era5_variables.md for correct names

Resources

scripts/download_era5.py

Flexible command-line tool for downloading ERA5 data with configurable parameters. Can be:

• Executed directly via command line
• Imported and used programmatically in Python
• Modified for project-specific needs

references/era5_variables.md

Comprehensive reference of common ERA5 variables organized by category:

• Atmospheric variables (temperature, precipitation, wind, radiation)
• Land surface variables (soil, vegetation, snow, runoff)
• Pressure level variables (3D atmosphere)
• Common use cases for ecosystem modeling
• Variable naming conventions and tips

Load this reference when users need help identifying which ERA5 variables to download for their specific application.