BoltzGen All-Atom Design

Prerequisites

Requirement	Minimum	Recommended
Python	3.11+	3.12
CUDA	12.0+	12.1+
GPU VRAM	24GB	48GB (L40S)
RAM	32GB	64GB

How to run

First time? See Getting started to set up Modal and biomodals.

Option 1: Modal (recommended)

# Clone biomodals
git clone https://github.com/hgbrian/biomodals && cd biomodals

# Run BoltzGen (requires YAML config file)
modal run modal_boltzgen.py \
  --input-yaml binder_config.yaml \
  --protocol protein-anything \
  --num-designs 50

# With custom GPU
GPU=L40S modal run modal_boltzgen.py \
  --input-yaml binder_config.yaml \
  --protocol protein-anything \
  --num-designs 100

GPU: L40S (48GB) recommended | Timeout: 120min default

Available protocols: protein-anything, peptide-anything, protein-small_molecule, nanobody-anything, antibody-anything

Option 2: Local installation

git clone https://github.com/HannesStark/boltzgen.git
cd boltzgen
pip install boltzgen   # or: pip install -e .

# Driven by the boltzgen CLI with a YAML design spec
boltzgen run binder_config.yaml \
  --output out/ \
  --protocol protein-anything \
  --num_designs 50

The first run downloads model weights (~6GB) to ~/.cache. Verify a spec with boltzgen check binder_config.yaml before a full run.

GPU: L40S (48GB) | Time: ~30-60s per design

Key parameters (CLI)

Parameter	Default	Description
--input-yaml	required	Path to YAML design specification
--protocol	protein-anything	Design protocol
--num-designs	10	Number of designs to generate
--steps	all	Pipeline steps to run (e.g., design inverse_folding)

YAML configuration

BoltzGen uses an entity-based YAML format where you specify designed proteins and target structures as entities.

Important notes:

• Residue indices use label_seq_id (1-indexed), not author residue numbers
• File paths are relative to the YAML file location
• Target files should be in CIF format (PDB also works but CIF preferred)
• Run boltzgen check config.yaml to verify your specification before running

Basic Binder Config

entities:
  # Designed protein (variable length 80-140 residues)
  - protein:
      id: B
      sequence: 80..140

  # Target from structure file
  - file:
      path: target.cif
      include:
        - chain:
            id: A
      # Specify binding site residues (optional but recommended)
      binding_types:
        - chain:
            id: A
            binding: 45,67,89

Binder with Specific Binding Site

entities:
  - protein:
      id: G
      sequence: 60..100

  - file:
      path: 5cqg.cif
      include:
        - chain:
            id: A
      binding_types:
        - chain:
            id: A
            binding: 343,344,251
      structure_groups: "all"

Peptide Design (Cyclic)

entities:
  - protein:
      id: S
      sequence: 10..14C6C3  # With cysteines for disulfide

  - file:
      path: target.cif
      include:
        - chain:
            id: A

constraints:
  - bond:
      atom1: [S, 11, SG]
      atom2: [S, 18, SG]  # Disulfide bond

Design protocols

Protocol	Use Case
protein-anything	Design proteins to bind proteins or peptides
peptide-anything	Design cyclic peptides to bind proteins
protein-small_molecule	Design proteins to bind small molecules
nanobody-anything	Design nanobody CDRs
antibody-anything	Design antibody CDRs

Output format

output/
├── sample_0/
│   ├── design.cif         # All-atom structure (CIF format)
│   ├── metrics.json       # Confidence scores
│   └── sequence.fasta     # Sequence
├── sample_1/
│   └── ...
└── summary.csv

Note: BoltzGen outputs CIF format. Convert to PDB if needed:

from Bio.PDB import MMCIFParser, PDBIO
parser = MMCIFParser()
structure = parser.get_structure("design", "design.cif")
io = PDBIO()
io.set_structure(structure)
io.save("design.pdb")

Sample output

Successful run

$ modal run modal_boltzgen.py --input-yaml binder.yaml --protocol protein-anything --num-designs 10
Running: boltzgen run binder.yaml --output /tmp/out --protocol protein-anything --num_designs 10
[INFO] Loading BoltzGen model...
[INFO] Generating designs...
[INFO] Running inverse folding...
[INFO] Running structure prediction...
[INFO] Filtering and ranking...
[INFO] Pipeline complete

Results saved to: ./out/boltzgen/2501161234/

Output directory structure:

out/boltzgen/2501161234/
├── intermediate_designs/           # Raw diffusion outputs
│   ├── design_0.cif
│   └── design_0.npz
├── intermediate_designs_inverse_folded/
│   ├── refold_cif/                 # Refolded complexes
│   └── aggregate_metrics_analyze.csv
└── final_ranked_designs/
    ├── final_10_designs/           # Top designs
    └── results_overview.pdf        # Summary plots

What good output looks like:

• Refolding RMSD < 2.0A (design folds as predicted)
• ipTM > 0.5 (confident interface)
• All designs complete pipeline without errors

Decision tree

Should I use BoltzGen?
│
├─ What type of design?
│  ├─ All-atom precision needed → BoltzGen ✓
│  ├─ Ligand binding pocket → BoltzGen ✓
│  └─ Standard miniprotein → RFdiffusion (faster)
│
├─ What matters most?
│  ├─ Side-chain packing → BoltzGen ✓
│  ├─ Speed / diversity → RFdiffusion
│  ├─ Highest success rate → BindCraft
│  └─ AF2 optimization → ColabDesign
│
└─ Compute resources?
   ├─ Have L40S/A100 (48GB+) → BoltzGen ✓
   └─ Only A10G (24GB) → Consider RFdiffusion

Typical performance

Campaign Size	Time (L40S)	Cost (Modal)	Notes
50 designs	30-45 min	~$8	Quick exploration
100 designs	1-1.5h	~$15	Standard campaign
500 designs	5-8h	~$70	Large campaign

Per-design: ~30-60s for typical binder.

Adaptyv's own tests of these models showed BoltzGen costing about $1.80 per accepted design, averaged across 7 targets (the generation estimates above do not include the extra sampling and refolding needed to reach an accepted design).

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Verify

find output -name "*.cif" | wc -l  # Should match num_samples

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Troubleshooting

Verify config first: Always run boltzgen check config.yaml before running the full pipeline Slow generation: Use fewer designs for initial testing, then scale up OOM errors: Use A100-80GB or reduce --num-designs Wrong binding site: Residue indices use label_seq_id (1-indexed), check in Molstar viewer

Error interpretation

Error	Cause	Fix
RuntimeError: CUDA out of memory	Large design or long protein	Use A100-80GB or reduce designs
FileNotFoundError: *.cif	Target file not found	File paths are relative to YAML location
ValueError: invalid chain	Chain not in target	Verify chain IDs with Molstar or PyMOL
modal: command not found	Modal CLI not installed	Run pip install modal && modal setup

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Next: Validate with boltz or chai → protein-qc for filtering.